Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes.
Identifieur interne : 000300 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000299; suivant : 000301Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes.
Auteurs : Hernan Lorenzi [États-Unis] ; Asis Khan [États-Unis] ; Michael S. Behnke [États-Unis] ; Sivaranjani Namasivayam [États-Unis] ; Lakshmipuram S. Swapna [Canada] ; Michalis Hadjithomas [États-Unis] ; Svetlana Karamycheva [États-Unis] ; Deborah Pinney [États-Unis] ; Brian P. Brunk [États-Unis] ; James W. Ajioka [Royaume-Uni] ; Daniel Ajzenberg [France] ; John C. Boothroyd [États-Unis] ; Jon P. Boyle [États-Unis] ; Marie L. Dardé [France] ; Maria A. Diaz-Miranda [États-Unis] ; Jitender P. Dubey [États-Unis] ; Heather M. Fritz [États-Unis] ; Solange M. Gennari [Brésil] ; Brian D. Gregory [États-Unis] ; Kami Kim [États-Unis] ; Jeroen P J. Saeij [États-Unis] ; Chunlei Su [États-Unis] ; Michael W. White [États-Unis] ; Xing-Quan Zhu [République populaire de Chine] ; Daniel K. Howe [États-Unis] ; Benjamin M. Rosenthal [États-Unis] ; Michael E. Grigg [États-Unis] ; John Parkinson [Canada] ; Liang Liu [États-Unis] ; Jessica C. Kissinger [États-Unis] ; David S. Roos [États-Unis] ; L David Sibley [États-Unis]Source :
- Nature communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Conserved Sequence, DNA, Protozoan (genetics), Gene Expression Regulation (physiology), Genome, Protozoan, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Protozoan Proteins (genetics), Protozoan Proteins (metabolism), RNA, Messenger (genetics), RNA, Messenger (metabolism), Synteny, Toxoplasma (genetics), Toxoplasma (pathogenicity), Virulence.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : DNA, Protozoan, Protozoan Proteins, RNA, Messenger.
- chemical , metabolism : Protozoan Proteins, RNA, Messenger.
- genetics : Toxoplasma.
- pathogenicity : Toxoplasma.
- physiology : Gene Expression Regulation.
- Conserved Sequence, Genome, Protozoan, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Synteny, Virulence.
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent parasites worldwide, infecting many wild and domestic animals and causing zoonotic infections in humans. T. gondii differs substantially in its broad distribution from closely related parasites that typically have narrow, specialized host ranges. To elucidate the genetic basis for these differences, we compared the genomes of 62 globally distributed T. gondii isolates to several closely related coccidian parasites. Our findings reveal that tandem amplification and diversification of secretory pathogenesis determinants is the primary feature that distinguishes the closely related genomes of these biologically diverse parasites. We further show that the unusual population structure of T. gondii is characterized by clade-specific inheritance of large conserved haploblocks that are significantly enriched in tandemly clustered secretory pathogenesis determinants. The shared inheritance of these conserved haploblocks, which show a different ancestry than the genome as a whole, may thus influence transmission, host range and pathogenicity.
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10147
PubMed: 26738725
Affiliations:
- Brésil, Canada, France, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Floride, Missouri (État), Pennsylvanie, État de São Paulo
- Cambridge, Pittsburgh, Saint-Louis (Missouri), São Paulo, Tampa
- Université de Cambridge, Université de Floride du Sud, Université de Pittsburgh, Université de São Paulo, École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)
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Le document en format XML
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Swapna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadjithomas, Michalis" sort="Hadjithomas, Michalis" uniqKey="Hadjithomas M" first="Michalis" last="Hadjithomas">Michalis Hadjithomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20850</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karamycheva, Svetlana" sort="Karamycheva, Svetlana" uniqKey="Karamycheva S" first="Svetlana" last="Karamycheva">Svetlana Karamycheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20850</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinney, Deborah" sort="Pinney, Deborah" uniqKey="Pinney D" first="Deborah" last="Pinney">Deborah Pinney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brunk, Brian P" sort="Brunk, Brian P" uniqKey="Brunk B" first="Brian P" last="Brunk">Brian P. 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Boothroyd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Jon P" sort="Boyle, Jon P" uniqKey="Boyle J" first="Jon P" last="Boyle">Jon P. Boyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Pittsburgh</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Pittsburgh</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darde, Marie L" sort="Darde, Marie L" uniqKey="Darde M" first="Marie L" last="Dardé">Marie L. Dardé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" sort="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" uniqKey="Diaz Miranda M" first="Maria A" last="Diaz-Miranda">Maria A. Diaz-Miranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubey, Jitender P" sort="Dubey, Jitender P" uniqKey="Dubey J" first="Jitender P" last="Dubey">Jitender P. Dubey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20705</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritz, Heather M" sort="Fritz, Heather M" uniqKey="Fritz H" first="Heather M" last="Fritz">Heather M. Fritz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Washington 99164</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gennari, Solange M" sort="Gennari, Solange M" uniqKey="Gennari S" first="Solange M" last="Gennari">Solange M. Gennari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05598-270, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05598-270</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Brian D" sort="Gregory, Brian D" uniqKey="Gregory B" first="Brian D" last="Gregory">Brian D. Gregory</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kami" sort="Kim, Kami" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kami" last="Kim">Kami Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10461</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saeij, Jeroen P J" sort="Saeij, Jeroen P J" uniqKey="Saeij J" first="Jeroen P J" last="Saeij">Jeroen P J. Saeij</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, David, California 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, David, California 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Chunlei" sort="Su, Chunlei" uniqKey="Su C" first="Chunlei" last="Su">Chunlei Su</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tennessee 37996</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Michael W" sort="White, Michael W" uniqKey="White M" first="Michael W" last="White">Michael W. White</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Molecular Medicine and Global Health, Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDI), University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Molecular Medicine and Global Health, Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDI), University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Floride du Sud</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Tampa</settlement><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Xing Quan" sort="Zhu, Xing Quan" uniqKey="Zhu X" first="Xing-Quan" last="Zhu">Xing-Quan Zhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gansu Province 730046</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howe, Daniel K" sort="Howe, Daniel K" uniqKey="Howe D" first="Daniel K" last="Howe">Daniel K. Howe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kentucky 40546</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" sort="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Rosenthal B" first="Benjamin M" last="Rosenthal">Benjamin M. Rosenthal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20705</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigg, Michael E" sort="Grigg, Michael E" uniqKey="Grigg M" first="Michael E" last="Grigg">Michael E. Grigg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20892</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkinson, John" sort="Parkinson, John" uniqKey="Parkinson J" first="John" last="Parkinson">John Parkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Liang" sort="Liu, Liang" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Liang" last="Liu">Liang Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Athens Georgia 30602</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kissinger, Jessica C" sort="Kissinger, Jessica C" uniqKey="Kissinger J" first="Jessica C" last="Kissinger">Jessica C. Kissinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30602</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, L David" sort="Sibley, L David" uniqKey="Sibley L" first="L David" last="Sibley">L David Sibley</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26738725</idno><idno type="pmid">26738725</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms10147</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001E31</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001E31</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001E31</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000301</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000300</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000300</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Local admixture of amplified and diversified secreted pathogenesis determinants shapes mosaic Toxoplasma gondii genomes.</title><author><name sortKey="Lorenzi, Hernan" sort="Lorenzi, Hernan" uniqKey="Lorenzi H" first="Hernan" last="Lorenzi">Hernan Lorenzi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20850</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Asis" sort="Khan, Asis" uniqKey="Khan A" first="Asis" last="Khan">Asis Khan</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Behnke, Michael S" sort="Behnke, Michael S" uniqKey="Behnke M" first="Michael S" last="Behnke">Michael S. Behnke</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Namasivayam, Sivaranjani" sort="Namasivayam, Sivaranjani" uniqKey="Namasivayam S" first="Sivaranjani" last="Namasivayam">Sivaranjani Namasivayam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30602</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Swapna, Lakshmipuram S" sort="Swapna, Lakshmipuram S" uniqKey="Swapna L" first="Lakshmipuram S" last="Swapna">Lakshmipuram S. Swapna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadjithomas, Michalis" sort="Hadjithomas, Michalis" uniqKey="Hadjithomas M" first="Michalis" last="Hadjithomas">Michalis Hadjithomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20850</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karamycheva, Svetlana" sort="Karamycheva, Svetlana" uniqKey="Karamycheva S" first="Svetlana" last="Karamycheva">Svetlana Karamycheva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20850</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinney, Deborah" sort="Pinney, Deborah" uniqKey="Pinney D" first="Deborah" last="Pinney">Deborah Pinney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brunk, Brian P" sort="Brunk, Brian P" uniqKey="Brunk B" first="Brian P" last="Brunk">Brian P. Brunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ajioka, James W" sort="Ajioka, James W" uniqKey="Ajioka J" first="James W" last="Ajioka">James W. Ajioka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ajzenberg, Daniel" sort="Ajzenberg, Daniel" uniqKey="Ajzenberg D" first="Daniel" last="Ajzenberg">Daniel Ajzenberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boothroyd, John C" sort="Boothroyd, John C" uniqKey="Boothroyd J" first="John C" last="Boothroyd">John C. Boothroyd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, Jon P" sort="Boyle, Jon P" uniqKey="Boyle J" first="Jon P" last="Boyle">Jon P. Boyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Pittsburgh</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Pittsburgh</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Darde, Marie L" sort="Darde, Marie L" uniqKey="Darde M" first="Marie L" last="Dardé">Marie L. Dardé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, INSERM, University Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges 87025</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>87025</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" sort="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" uniqKey="Diaz Miranda M" first="Maria A" last="Diaz-Miranda">Maria A. Diaz-Miranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubey, Jitender P" sort="Dubey, Jitender P" uniqKey="Dubey J" first="Jitender P" last="Dubey">Jitender P. Dubey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20705</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritz, Heather M" sort="Fritz, Heather M" uniqKey="Fritz H" first="Heather M" last="Fritz">Heather M. Fritz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Washington 99164</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gennari, Solange M" sort="Gennari, Solange M" uniqKey="Gennari S" first="Solange M" last="Gennari">Solange M. Gennari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05598-270, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP 05598-270</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gregory, Brian D" sort="Gregory, Brian D" uniqKey="Gregory B" first="Brian D" last="Gregory">Brian D. Gregory</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kami" sort="Kim, Kami" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kami" last="Kim">Kami Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10461</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saeij, Jeroen P J" sort="Saeij, Jeroen P J" uniqKey="Saeij J" first="Jeroen P J" last="Saeij">Jeroen P J. Saeij</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, David, California 95616, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Microbiology &Immunology, University of California, David, California 95616</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 95616</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Chunlei" sort="Su, Chunlei" uniqKey="Su C" first="Chunlei" last="Su">Chunlei Su</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tennessee 37996</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Michael W" sort="White, Michael W" uniqKey="White M" first="Michael W" last="White">Michael W. White</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Molecular Medicine and Global Health, Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDI), University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Molecular Medicine and Global Health, Florida Center for Drug Discovery and Development (CDDI), University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Floride du Sud</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Tampa</settlement><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Xing Quan" sort="Zhu, Xing Quan" uniqKey="Zhu X" first="Xing-Quan" last="Zhu">Xing-Quan Zhu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gansu Province 730046</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howe, Daniel K" sort="Howe, Daniel K" uniqKey="Howe D" first="Daniel K" last="Howe">Daniel K. Howe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kentucky 40546</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" sort="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Rosenthal B" first="Benjamin M" last="Rosenthal">Benjamin M. Rosenthal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20705</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigg, Michael E" sort="Grigg, Michael E" uniqKey="Grigg M" first="Michael E" last="Grigg">Michael E. Grigg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 20892</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkinson, John" sort="Parkinson, John" uniqKey="Parkinson J" first="John" last="Parkinson">John Parkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Liang" sort="Liu, Liang" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Liang" last="Liu">Liang Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Athens Georgia 30602</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kissinger, Jessica C" sort="Kissinger, Jessica C" uniqKey="Kissinger J" first="Jessica C" last="Kissinger">Jessica C. Kissinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30602</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pennsylvania 19104</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, L David" sort="Sibley, L David" uniqKey="Sibley L" first="L David" last="Sibley">L David Sibley</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63130</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Saint-Louis (Missouri)</settlement><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Conserved Sequence</term><term>DNA, Protozoan (genetics)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation (physiology)</term><term>Genome, Protozoan</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Protozoan Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Protozoan Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (metabolism)</term><term>Synteny</term><term>Toxoplasma (genetics)</term><term>Toxoplasma (pathogenicity)</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Protozoan</term><term>Protozoan Proteins</term><term>RNA, Messenger</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Protozoan Proteins</term><term>RNA, Messenger</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Toxoplasma</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Toxoplasma</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Expression Regulation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Conserved Sequence</term><term>Genome, Protozoan</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Synteny</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Toxoplasma gondii is among the most prevalent parasites worldwide, infecting many wild and domestic animals and causing zoonotic infections in humans. T. gondii differs substantially in its broad distribution from closely related parasites that typically have narrow, specialized host ranges. To elucidate the genetic basis for these differences, we compared the genomes of 62 globally distributed T. gondii isolates to several closely related coccidian parasites. Our findings reveal that tandem amplification and diversification of secretory pathogenesis determinants is the primary feature that distinguishes the closely related genomes of these biologically diverse parasites. We further show that the unusual population structure of T. gondii is characterized by clade-specific inheritance of large conserved haploblocks that are significantly enriched in tandemly clustered secretory pathogenesis determinants. The shared inheritance of these conserved haploblocks, which show a different ancestry than the genome as a whole, may thus influence transmission, host range and pathogenicity.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Floride</li><li>Missouri (État)</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>État de São Paulo</li></region><settlement><li>Cambridge</li><li>Pittsburgh</li><li>Saint-Louis (Missouri)</li><li>São Paulo</li><li>Tampa</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Cambridge</li><li>Université de Floride du Sud</li><li>Université de Pittsburgh</li><li>Université de São Paulo</li><li>École de médecine (Université Washington de Saint-Louis)</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lorenzi, Hernan" sort="Lorenzi, Hernan" uniqKey="Lorenzi H" first="Hernan" last="Lorenzi">Hernan Lorenzi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Behnke, Michael S" sort="Behnke, Michael S" uniqKey="Behnke M" first="Michael S" last="Behnke">Michael S. Behnke</name><name sortKey="Boothroyd, John C" sort="Boothroyd, John C" uniqKey="Boothroyd J" first="John C" last="Boothroyd">John C. Boothroyd</name><name sortKey="Boyle, Jon P" sort="Boyle, Jon P" uniqKey="Boyle J" first="Jon P" last="Boyle">Jon P. Boyle</name><name sortKey="Brunk, Brian P" sort="Brunk, Brian P" uniqKey="Brunk B" first="Brian P" last="Brunk">Brian P. Brunk</name><name sortKey="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" sort="Diaz Miranda, Maria A" uniqKey="Diaz Miranda M" first="Maria A" last="Diaz-Miranda">Maria A. Diaz-Miranda</name><name sortKey="Dubey, Jitender P" sort="Dubey, Jitender P" uniqKey="Dubey J" first="Jitender P" last="Dubey">Jitender P. Dubey</name><name sortKey="Fritz, Heather M" sort="Fritz, Heather M" uniqKey="Fritz H" first="Heather M" last="Fritz">Heather M. Fritz</name><name sortKey="Gregory, Brian D" sort="Gregory, Brian D" uniqKey="Gregory B" first="Brian D" last="Gregory">Brian D. Gregory</name><name sortKey="Grigg, Michael E" sort="Grigg, Michael E" uniqKey="Grigg M" first="Michael E" last="Grigg">Michael E. Grigg</name><name sortKey="Hadjithomas, Michalis" sort="Hadjithomas, Michalis" uniqKey="Hadjithomas M" first="Michalis" last="Hadjithomas">Michalis Hadjithomas</name><name sortKey="Howe, Daniel K" sort="Howe, Daniel K" uniqKey="Howe D" first="Daniel K" last="Howe">Daniel K. Howe</name><name sortKey="Karamycheva, Svetlana" sort="Karamycheva, Svetlana" uniqKey="Karamycheva S" first="Svetlana" last="Karamycheva">Svetlana Karamycheva</name><name sortKey="Khan, Asis" sort="Khan, Asis" uniqKey="Khan A" first="Asis" last="Khan">Asis Khan</name><name sortKey="Kim, Kami" sort="Kim, Kami" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kami" last="Kim">Kami Kim</name><name sortKey="Kissinger, Jessica C" sort="Kissinger, Jessica C" uniqKey="Kissinger J" first="Jessica C" last="Kissinger">Jessica C. Kissinger</name><name sortKey="Liu, Liang" sort="Liu, Liang" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Liang" last="Liu">Liang Liu</name><name sortKey="Namasivayam, Sivaranjani" sort="Namasivayam, Sivaranjani" uniqKey="Namasivayam S" first="Sivaranjani" last="Namasivayam">Sivaranjani Namasivayam</name><name sortKey="Pinney, Deborah" sort="Pinney, Deborah" uniqKey="Pinney D" first="Deborah" last="Pinney">Deborah Pinney</name><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" sort="Rosenthal, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Rosenthal B" first="Benjamin M" last="Rosenthal">Benjamin M. Rosenthal</name><name sortKey="Saeij, Jeroen P J" sort="Saeij, Jeroen P J" uniqKey="Saeij J" first="Jeroen P J" last="Saeij">Jeroen P J. Saeij</name><name sortKey="Sibley, L David" sort="Sibley, L David" uniqKey="Sibley L" first="L David" last="Sibley">L David Sibley</name><name sortKey="Su, Chunlei" sort="Su, Chunlei" uniqKey="Su C" first="Chunlei" last="Su">Chunlei Su</name><name sortKey="White, Michael W" sort="White, Michael W" uniqKey="White M" first="Michael W" last="White">Michael W. White</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Swapna, Lakshmipuram S" sort="Swapna, Lakshmipuram S" uniqKey="Swapna L" first="Lakshmipuram S" last="Swapna">Lakshmipuram S. Swapna</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Parkinson, John" sort="Parkinson, John" uniqKey="Parkinson J" first="John" last="Parkinson">John Parkinson</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Ajioka, James W" sort="Ajioka, James W" uniqKey="Ajioka J" first="James W" last="Ajioka">James W. Ajioka</name></region></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ajzenberg, Daniel" sort="Ajzenberg, Daniel" uniqKey="Ajzenberg D" first="Daniel" last="Ajzenberg">Daniel Ajzenberg</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Darde, Marie L" sort="Darde, Marie L" uniqKey="Darde M" first="Marie L" last="Dardé">Marie L. Dardé</name></country><country name="Brésil"><region name="État de São Paulo"><name sortKey="Gennari, Solange M" sort="Gennari, Solange M" uniqKey="Gennari S" first="Solange M" last="Gennari">Solange M. Gennari</name></region></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhu, Xing Quan" sort="Zhu, Xing Quan" uniqKey="Zhu X" first="Xing-Quan" last="Zhu">Xing-Quan Zhu</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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